Analysis

China–Mongolia–Russia Connectivity: Opportunity, Dependence, and Strategic Risk

Transport and energy links with China and Russia are indispensable to Mongolia’s development. The strategic question is not whether to connect, but how to prevent efficient infrastructure from becoming a single point of failure. A network approach—combining multiple border crossings, interoperable systems, transparent project finance, domestic links, and realistic demand—can turn corridors into resilience rather than deeper dependence.